Class Six Near Me - Class 11 Biology Chapter 19 External Products and Their Elimination NCERT Solutions for online study and also download PDF for free, updated for the new academic session 2022-2023. Download the latest and updated NCERT books for the new academic session 2022-2023. Visit the discussion forum and join the world of knowledge.
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1. Juxtamedullary nephron - about 15% of all nephrons, glomeruli are found in the inner cortex, they are large, with a long loop of Henle and deep in the medulla, plasma volume is related to the control of the vasa recta when water Delivery is short. .
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2. Cortical Nephron - About 85% of the total nephron is located mainly in the renal cortex, glomeruli are found in the outer cortex, short loop of Henle, extending very little into the medulla. They lack the visa recta.
1. Animals that excrete ammonia are called immunothelics and the excretion of ammonia is called immunothelicism, e.g. Amoeba, sycoon, hydra, liver fluke, tapeworm, leech, shrimp, bony fish, etc.
2. Ureotelicism: The excretion of urea is called ureotelicism and the animals that excrete urea are ureotelic animals such as mammals, most terrestrial amphibians and marine fishes and rays.
3. Uricotelysm: Excretion of uric acid is called uricotelyes and animals like many insects, earthworms, lizards, snakes and birds are called uricotelyes.
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5. Structure of nephron: Nephron consists of glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, PCT (proximal convoluted tubule). JG A (Juxaglomerular Apparatus) and the collecting duct.
6. Glomerular filtration: Filtration of blood in the glomeruli About 1100-1200 ml of blood per minute is filtered through the kidneys.
7. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): The amount of filtrate by the kidneys in one minute is called GFR. In a healthy person, it is approximately 125 ml/min, ie 180 liters per day.
1. Glomerular Filtration – Blood is filtered by the glomerulus through three membranes, namely the endothelium of blood vessels, the filtering slats of Bowman's capsule and the basement membrane between these two layers. This filtration is called ultrafiltration because all plasma components except proteins enter the filtrate.
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2. Reabsorption - 90% of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the renal tubules by active or passive mechanisms. This is shown by the fact that only 1.5 liters of urine is released from 180 liters of filtrate per day.
3. Excretion – tubular cells secrete H+, K+, ammonia into urine. It maintains the acid-base balance of body fluids.
Glomerular filtration rate is the amount of glomerular filtrate produced per minute in all nephrons of both kidneys. In a healthy person, it is about 125 ml/min. Glomerular filtrate contains glucose, amino acids, sodium, potassium, urea, uric acid, ketone bodies and a large amount of water.
Answer 2: The mechanism by which the kidney regulates the glomerular filtration rate is autoregulatory. This is done by the juxtaglomerular apparatus. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a microscopic structure located between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning distal convoluted tubule of the same nephron. It plays a role in regulating renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. When the glomerular filtration rate decreases, it activates the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin. It stimulates glomerular blood flow, thus bringing the GFR back to normal. Renin normalizes GFR by activating the renin-angiotensin mechanism.
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The liver, lungs and skin also play an important role in the excretion process. Role of Liver: The liver is the largest gland in the vertebrates. It helps in the excretion of cholesterol, steroid hormones, vitamins, drugs and other waste materials in the bile. Urea is formed in the liver during the ornithine cycle. Ammonia - a toxic substance - is quickly converted into urea in the liver and then out of the body. The liver also converts broken-down hemoglobin into yellow pigments called bilirubin and biliverdin. Role of Lungs: Lungs help remove waste products like carbon dioxide from the body. Role of the skin: The skin contains many glands that help remove waste through the skin. It has two types of glands - sweat and sebaceous glands. Sweat glands are highly vascular and tubular glands that separate waste products from the blood and expel them through the mouth. Sweat removes excess salt and water from the body. Sebaceous glands are branched glands that produce an oil secretion called sebum.
Urination is the process of passing urine from the bladder. As urine accumulates, the muscular walls of the bladder expand. The walls stimulate the sensory nerves of the bladder, producing a reflex. This reflex stimulates the urge to urinate. To expel urine, the urethral sphincter relaxes and the smooth muscles of the bladder contract. It forces urine out of the bladder. An adult excretes about 1-1.5 liters of urine per day.
Osmoregulation is a homeostatic mechanism that regulates the optimal temperature of water and salt in tissues and body fluids. It maintains the internal environment of the body through the concentration of water and ions.
Terrestrial animals are either ureolytic or uricosuric, not immunological. There are two main reasons for this: Ammonia is highly toxic by nature. Therefore, it must be converted to less toxic forms such as urea or uric acid. Land animals must conserve water. Since ammonia is water soluble, it cannot be removed continuously. So it is converted into urea or uric acid. These types are less toxic and insoluble in water. It helps land animals conserve water.
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The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is a complex structure composed of cells from several glomeruli, distal tubules, and afferent and efferent arterioles. It is located in a specific region of the nephron where the afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule (DLT) come into direct contact with each other. The juxtaglomerular apparatus of afferent arterioles contains specialized cells known as juxtaglomerular cells. These cells contain the enzyme renin, which can sense blood pressure. When glomerular blood flow (either glomerular blood pressure or glomerular filtration rate) decreases, it activates the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin. Renin converts angiotensinogen in the blood to angiotensin I and further to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that increases glomerular blood pressure and filtration rate. Angiotensin II also stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone. Aldosterone increases the rate of absorption of sodium ions and water from the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct. It also causes an increase in blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate. This mechanism, called the renin-angiotensin mechanism, ultimately causes blood pressure to rise.
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